Best Practices in Teaching Writing Charles Whitaker, Ph.D. Following is a list of selected teaching practices that are well recognized in the profession as being effective in helping students develop as writers. The practices listed have been emphasized by teachers participating in Writing Project Summer Institutes, and a good The writing strategies included in this document are based on sound research and provide a variety of ways to actively involved children in their learning. The strategies serve to supplement the instructional suggestions in the Houghton Mifflin Teacher’s Edition The researchers are concerned about the lack of interest shown in writing by the teachers and pupils at primary school level, thus the study is designed to highlight the problems that militate against effectual teaching of writing skills. The Basic Assumption The following assumptions were put forward: That the pupils are not sufficiently motivated for writing lesson. That the techniques
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Download Full PDF Package This paper. A short summary of this paper. READ PAPER. Due to this change, ESL teachers are in Published 12 May great demand of effective techniques to improve writing skills. The purpose of this article is to provide research based techniques successful in improving KEYWORDS the writing skills of ESL students.
Through the use of technology, pre-taught vocabulary, various teacher influences and the implementation of positive writing, diverse literacy practices, this goal can be attained. teaching English, communicate, second language, teaching writing strategies pdf, technique © The Authors. Teaching English as a second language has always been a part of our educational undertakings.
There are numerous reasons for writing to be the last acquired domain of learning English, one being that a more detailed and analyzed knowledge of a language is needed to write it than to understand it. Additionally, for ESL students it is more difficult to write with meaning. Their vocabulary is often limited, and while they can communicate orally and be understood through gestures and so forth, writing proves to be frustrating for them as they attempt to express their ideas without the luxury of using their hands.
Additional work time is also a necessity for students who are processing two or more languages and, all too often, they are not given such opportunities. This expectation of failure, causes anxiety in writing which can happen due to two scenarios: first, when students are asked to write about a specific topic and second, when students think of writing as a translating activity, teaching writing strategies pdf.
Anxiety and frustration in writing may be caused by unnecessary focus on errors in spelling and grammar, instead of content. All of these factors contribute to the ongoing problem of writing successfully as an ESL student. As previously stated, writing is the most difficult area of academics for ESL students. Living in a text oriented society, all students need to be proficient writers, but achieving this goal is particularly daunting students who are learning English as their second language.
Writing has always been seen as an important skill in English language acquisition. This importance is due to the fact that, it reinforces grammatical structures and vocabulary that educators strive to teach their students.
It is the area in which learners need to teaching writing strategies pdf offered adequate time to develop their writing skill, therefore more time should be devoted to it in classrooms containing ELLs so that they will be prepared to effectively communicate in real life as well as academic situations.
Exposing them to the writing process itself through various venues is an excellent way to reach this goal. Additionally, writing skills can be developed when the learners' interests are acknowledged and when they are given frequent 6 teaching writing strategies pdf to actually practice writing. Because one of the main goals of ESL students is to learn to produce a well-thought-out piece of writing, a specific writing program must be in place in order to meet the needs of these learners.
After careful evaluation of the literature, teaching writing strategies pdf, it was found that numerous researchers discovered the need for ESL students to be exposed to a variety of genres, strategies, and methods in order to succeed in the writing of English.
ESL students on all levels score lower in writing than any other domain. It is the last domain of second language learning to fully develop. Researchers have discovered many reasons for this problem, and a key part of it is how they feel about themselves as writers. Becoming a proficient writer of English is a problem for many ESL students as they believe that they teaching writing strategies pdf cannot write English. This feeling of incompetency leads to self-doubt and anxiety in writing and can hinder the process of achieving writing proficiency.
To do so, means being less critical at the beginning of the writing process in terms of errors, be it grammatical or otherwise. By not being focused on the errors of a writing piece, a student feels permitted to express his thoughts more freely.
Overlooking the grammatical errors and focusing on the ideas is a skill to be acquired for certain, teaching writing strategies pdf, but a skill that is essential if educators desire a decrease in student frustration and an increased level of actual writing. Furthermore, when creative ideas are not hindered by concerns of using correct form, ESL students are more likely to progress.
Only after students have learned to express themselves can they then move toward correction of grammatical errors. The type of feedback teachers provide plays a very significant role in decreasing writing anxiety of ESL students. Examples of such feedback would be task oriented questions like: Could you give more information?
Could you start your writing in a way that relates to your main purpose of the paper? This type of feedback is meant to encourage and provoke more thought regarding ideas rather than correcting conventional errors.
Preparing Students to Write, teaching writing strategies pdf. Activating prior knowledge is one method in which teachers can assist ESL students before they even begin writing. Making sure students have the opportunity to think about what they already know before the task begins helps ESL students incorporate new information into existing structures of knowledge which activates long-term memory.
Several strategies can be used to accomplish this including graphic organizers, cooperative learning, read-aloud, and group discussions. Graphic organizers can be used as visual tools for students to write or draw what they already know about a subject, for example in the genre of informational or persuasive writing.
From this activity, teachers can then evaluate whether further instruction is needed. This is where read- aloud, cooperative learning, and group discussions come teaching writing strategies pdf to play. If needed, a hand-selected text can be utilized in order to provide additional background information, which can lead to group discussions. Cooperative learning is also a great strategy to help students gain more background knowledge especially for ELLs.
This strategy requires students to collect information from books, teaching writing strategies pdf, the internet, or each other as they work together with another student or group of students, preferably students who are native to the English language.
Through this strategy, ELLs not only teaching writing strategies pdf additional information needed to complete the writing assignment, but it is also a great opportunity for them to develop language skills through peer led conversations. The next step in preparing ELLs to write is a vocabulary pre-view. Pre-viewing vocabulary is an effective tool when asking teaching writing strategies pdf ESL student to attempt any genre of writing.
Second language writers have a vastly different linguistic base than native English speakers who can instinctively manipulate the language. Therefore, vocabulary is an enormous obstacle for English learners creating teaching writing strategies pdf need for teachers to provide both definitional and contextual information about keywords.
Instructors should also allow students to actively elaborate on word meanings i. physically acting out a wordas well as teacher led explanations. Without this preview, most ESL students will not be able to move past the instructions of the writing task.
They should be contextual, social, teaching writing strategies pdf temporary frameworks used to support successful learning with a specific academic domain such as writing. Scaffolding is thought of as using steps in a process, teaching writing strategies pdf, modeling the steps, and then giving students the opportunity to try it themselves. This strategy should be prepared with the mindset of gradual release after a student has reached a predetermined point in his writing which is, of course, controlled by the instructor.
The first stage is inquiry, which facilitates background knowledge; the significance of which is as aforementioned. After activating prior knowledge, teaching writing strategies pdf, the instructor then models drafting the type of writing expected.
Students and teacher then participate in shared writing where the students have significant input in the topic, sentence usage, teaching writing strategies pdf, etc. They are then given the opportunity to write collaboratively with one or more other students to produce one piece of writing.
Having completed the above steps the students are then ready for independent writing, which is the ultimate goal of the scaffolding process. This scaffolding technique can also be used in a different manner involving students scaffolding amongst themselves leaving the teacher as a less active participant.
Students are consequently completing writing tasks that are collaborative in nature and facilitate the opportunity for pair or group work. In small groups, learners have more opportunities to use the second language for a range of functions than in teacher-led classroom activities. Furthermore, pair work allows learners to combine their linguistic resources in order to collaboratively create new knowledge about language, 18 5 23Vol, teaching writing strategies pdf.
Using this method of small group scaffolding was, in fact, a successful strategy to produce the language needed to complete a writing task, teaching writing strategies pdf. The rise of technology integration has significantly contributed to the change in teaching reading and writing in a second language. Such integration in second language learning teaching demonstrates a shift in educational models from a behavioral to a constructivist learning approach.
These recent developments reveal that rapid changes in literacy have taken place as a result of the arrival of the computer and the development of other new technologies. Consequently, the pressure on teachers to keep up with such developments and to raise standards in their classrooms is ever present. Not only does it motivate and encourage ESL students to engage in reading and writing, but the various ways it is used proves beneficial in cultivating writing skills among this population of students.
Using e-journals, much like a composition notebook, gives students a safe venue for expressing their ideas without having to worry about handwriting or spelling mistakes. This technique hones their vocabulary skills and gives them an opportunity to receive written feedback from an instructor, which in turn aids in reading proficiency.
Teaching writing strategies pdf method, among many, is using online discussion boards. With this approach, students can communicate with one another as well as the teacher, receive peer feedback and practice conversational skills, all the while putting complete thoughts together in the form of typed sentences. Peer feedback is one of the most influential methods of becoming a proficient writer of English. Using these technological tools can provide that much needed opportunity.
By interviewing students, students thought computers made the acquisition of writing skills easier and faster. The possible downfall of these tools is that writing on computers gives an immediate alert to grammatical and spelling errors, which could become a lesson learned or a crutch. However, in a rich- technology, ELLs can become better readers and writers of English. The method of journal writing has been suggested as an unintimidating means of practice in writing for ESL students.
Often referred to as interactive journals, this approach allows for student and teacher communication via a designated notebook designed for written dialogue between student and instructor. According to Lee, research along with classroom practices has shown how the implementation of an interactive journal greatly benefits English language learners as it motivates teaching writing strategies pdf to write more in length and richer in content. Various ways in which to use journal writing in the classroom include reading response journals, correspondence journals, and e-journals.
Reading response journals are a means for which students can create meaning from their experience with a text. This type of journal also allows the teacher to observe how a student is developing as both a reader and a writer.
Finally, diverse literacies along with technology, work together to capture their interest while motivating them to succeed in the writing classroom. When students are given opportunities to write for authentic meaning-making, message-sharing purposes, teaching writing strategies pdf, they can enjoy the benefits of writing even when they are beginning readers and writers who are doing so in a language they have not yet mastered.
Writing Lessons : How to Teach Writing Skills to ESL Students
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the writing process, teaching strategies, differentiating, and tracking students’ writing development. Moreover, teachers’ efficacy in teaching writing is moderate. The correlational network The researchers are concerned about the lack of interest shown in writing by the teachers and pupils at primary school level, thus the study is designed to highlight the problems that militate against effectual teaching of writing skills. The Basic Assumption The following assumptions were put forward: That the pupils are not sufficiently motivated for writing lesson. That the techniques Download Full PDF Package. This paper. A short summary of this paper. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. READ PAPER. TEACHING EFFECTIVE WRITING STRATEGIES. Download. TEACHING EFFECTIVE WRITING STRATEGIES. RS Global. Web of Scholar ISSN X PEDAGOGY TEACHING EFFECTIVE WRITING STRATEGIES Rana Shamiyeva Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan State Oil
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