An example of an introduction for a results section may be as follows: A factorial ANOVA was conducted to evaluate the effect of gender and type of course on the number of points students earned in their educational statistics course. The independent variable, gender, included two levels: (a) male and (b) female · Example: Reporting the results of a statistical test Consistent with the primary hypothesis, moderate caffeine improved computer task performance by increasing speed, t() = , p and accuracy, t() = –, p example: t(33) = , p If your exact p value is less than, it is conventional to state merely p alpha level of for all statistical tests.”
How to Write an APA Methods Section | With Examples
Published on December 21, by Pritha Bhandari. Revised on April 1, The results section of a quantitative research paper is where you summarize your data and report the findings of any relevant statistical analyses. The APA manual provides rigorous guidelines for what to report in quantitative research papers in the fields of psychology, education, and other social sciences.
Use these standards to answer your research questions and report your data analyses in a complete and transparent way. Table of contents What goes in your results section? Frequently asked questions about results in APA. In APA style, the results section includes preliminary information about the participants and data, descriptive and inferential statistics, and the results of any exploratory analyses.
Before diving into your research findings, first describe the flow of participants at every stage of your study and whether any data were excluded from the final analysis. Be sure to also state all reasons for attrition. The remaining participants were invited to complete the online study survey in exchange for study credit.
However, an additional 12 participants failed to complete it, resulting in a final total of participants. If your study has multiple stages e. Another key issue is the completeness of your dataset. Data can become unusable due to equipment malfunctions, improper storage, unexpected events, participant ineligibility, and so on. For each case, apa style results section example, state the reason why the data were unusable.
Apa style results section example data points may be removed from the final analysis because they are outliers—but you must be able to justify how you decided what to exclude.
If you applied any techniques for overcoming or compensating for lost data, report apa style results section example as well. For clinical studies, report all events with serious consequences or any side effects that occured.
Learn more. Descriptive statistics summarize your data for the reader. Present descriptive statistics for each primary, secondary, and subgroup analysis. The exact descriptive statistics that you report depends on the types of data in your study. Categorical variables can be reported using proportions, while quantitative data can be reported using means and standard deviations.
For a large set of numbers, a table is the most effective presentation format. Include sample sizes overall and for each group as well as appropriate measures of central tendency and variability for the outcomes in your results section.
For every point estimate apa style results section example, add a clearly labelled measure of variability as well. Be sure to note how you combined data to come up with variables of interest. For every variable of interest, explain how you operationalized it. When reporting statistical results, you should first address primary research questions before moving onto secondary research questions and any exploratory or subgroup analyses.
Present the results of tests in the order that you performed them—report the outcomes of main tests before post-hoc tests, for example.
For each apa style results section example test performed, first restate the hypothesisthen state whether your hypothesis was supported and provide the outcomes that led you to that conclusion.
When reporting complex data analyses, such as factor analysis or multivariate analysis, present the models estimated in detail, and state the statistical software used.
Make sure to report any violations of statistical assumptions or problems with estimation. For each hypothesis test performed, you should present confidence intervals and estimates of effect sizes.
Confidence intervals are useful for showing the variability around point estimates. They should be included whenever you report population parameter estimates. Effect sizes indicate how impactful the outcomes of a study are. Briefly report the results of any other planned or exploratory analyses you performed.
These may include subgroup analyses as well. Subgroup analyses come with apa style results section example high chance of false positive results, apa style results section example, because performing a large number of comparison or correlation tests increases the chances of finding significant results. If you find significant results in these analyses, make sure to appropriately report them as exploratory rather than confirmatory results to avoid overstating their importance.
While these analyses can be reported in less detail in the main text, you can provide the full analyses in supplementary materials, apa style results section example. To effectively present numbers, use a mix of text, tablesand figures where appropriate:.
Since these are general guidelines, use your own judgment and feedback from others for effective presentation of numbers. Tables and figures should be numbered and have titles, apa style results section example, along with relevant notes. Make sure to present data only once throughout the paper and refer to any tables and figures in the text. There are specific format guidelines for reporting statistics in APAas well as general rules about writing numbers.
If you are unsure of how to present specific symbols, look up the detailed APA guidelines or other papers in your field. For that reason, raw data and any interpretations of your results are not included in the results section. Instead, you should always save the raw data securely and make them available and accessible to any other researchers who request them.
Making scientific research available to others is a key part of academic integrity and open science. This belongs in your discussion section. Your results section is where you objectively report all relevant findings and leave them open for interpretation by readers. While you should state whether the apa style results section example of statistical tests lend support to your hypotheses, refrain from forming conclusions to your research questions in the results section.
For the sake of concise writing, you can safely assume that readers of your paper have professional knowledge of how statistical inferences work. In an APA results sectionyou should generally report the following:. According to the APA guidelines, you should report enough detail on inferential statistics so that your readers understand your analyses.
You should also present confidence intervals and estimates of effect sizes where relevant. In APA style, statistics can be presented in the main text or as tables or figures.
To decide how to present numbers, you can follow APA guidelines:. Results are usually written in the past tensebecause they are describing the outcome of completed actions. The results chapter or section simply and objectively reports what you found, apa style results section example, without speculating on why you found these results.
The discussion interprets the meaning of the results, puts them in context, and explains why they matter. In qualitative researchresults and discussion are sometimes combined. Thanks for reading! Hope you found this article helpful, apa style results section example. An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations! Have a language expert improve your writing. Check your paper for plagiarism in 10 minutes.
Do the check. Generate your APA citations for free! APA Citation Generator. Home Knowledge Base APA Style 7th edition How to write an APA results section. How to write an APA results section Published on December 21, by Pritha Bhandari. What should I include in an APA results section? In an APA results sectionyou should generally report the following: Participant flow and recruitment period.
Missing data and any adverse events, apa style results section example. Descriptive statistics about your samples. Inferential statisticsincluding confidence intervals and effect sizes.
Results of any subgroup or exploratory analyses, if applicable, apa style results section example. What statistical results do you need to report according to APA style? Report the following for each hypothesis test: the test statistic value the degrees of freedom the exact p value unless it is less than 0. When should I use tables or figures to present numbers? To decide how to present numbers, you can follow APA guidelines: To present three or fewer numbers, try a sentence, To present between 4 and 20 numbers, try a table, To present more than 20 numbers, try a figure.
What tense should I write my results in? Is this article helpful? Pritha Bhandari Pritha has an academic background in English, psychology and cognitive neuroscience. As an interdisciplinary researcher, she enjoys writing articles explaining tricky research concepts for students and academics.
Other students also liked. How to write an APA methods section In the methods section of an APA research paper, you report in detail the participants, apa style results section example, measures, and procedure of your study. How to format tables and figures in APA Style APA tables and figures are preceded by a number and title, and followed by explanatory notes if necessary.
How to report numbers and statistics in APA style The APA Manual provides guidelines for which statistics to report and how to format them. Still have questions? Please click the checkbox on the apa style results section example to verify that you are a not a bot.
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How to write the Results part 1
, time: 9:26Reporting Research Results in APA Style | Tips & Examples
example: t(33) = , p If your exact p value is less than, it is conventional to state merely p alpha level of for all statistical tests.” · Example: Reporting the results of a statistical test Consistent with the primary hypothesis, moderate caffeine improved computer task performance by increasing speed, t() = , p and accuracy, t() = –, p · The results section of an APA-style paper summarizes the data that was collected and the statistical analyses that were performed. The goal of this section is to report the results without any type of subjective interpretation. Here's how to write a results section for an APA format psychology paper. The Results Should Justify Your Claims
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